Vidéo

Le charbon n’a jamais autant été utilisé qu’aujourd’hui. Ici, je me concentre sur les impacts environnementaux et sanitaires que provoquent l’utilisation du charbon.

Sources

Articles principaux

• Oberschelp, C., Pfister, S., Raptis, C. E., & Hellweg, S. (2019). Global emission hotspots of coal power generation. Nature Sustainability, 2(2), 113-121.
• Carbon Neutrality in the UNECE Region:Integrated Life-cycle Assessment of Electricity Sources, UNECE (2022) (dont corrigé pour l’occupation des sols)
• Une excellente source qui fait le point sur les différentes technologies de centrales et la production de déchets dont les cendres : Solid waste from the operation and decommissioning of power plants – Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• Le GTIII du sixième rapport du GIEC parle en plusieurs endroits du charbon.
• Coal 2022 – AIE (+ Coal Market Update – July 2023)Beaucoup d’informations sur Global Energy Monitor.

Ressources généralistes sur le charbon

• Coal – National geographic
• Energy explained : coal – AIE
• What are the types of coal? – U.S. Geological Survey
• What is coal ? – U.S. Geological Survey
• Comment se forment pétrole, gaz et charbon ? – Jean-Marc Jancovici
• Idée reçue : « Il n’existe qu’un seul type de charbon » – Connaissances des énergies
• Houillification
• Classification des différents charbon par l’UE
• White Rot Fungi Slowed Coal Formation – Scientific American
• Mountain top removal analysis (+ complément)
• Les centrales au charbon dans le monde avec Global Coal Plant Tracker – Global Energy Monitor

Diverses utilisations industrielles du charbon

• Osborne, D. G., & Gupta, S. K. (2013). Industrial uses of coal. In The coal handbook: Towards cleaner production (pp. 3-30). Woodhead Publishing.
• Steel and raw materials – Worldsteel
• The Future of Hydrogen – AIE (2019)
• Hydrogen From Coal
• Yang, Y., Wang, G., Lin, L., & Zhang, S. (2019). Analysis of hydrogen production potential based on resources situation in China. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 118, p. 03021). EDP Sciences.
• Schumacher, G., & Juniper, L. (2013). Coal utilisation in the cement and concrete industries. In The Coal Handbook: Towards Cleaner Production (pp. 387-426). Woodhead Publishing.
• Miller, S. A., & Moore, F. C. (2020). Climate and health damages from global concrete production. Nature Climate Change, 10(5), 439-443.

Mine et préparation du charbon

• Les plus 10 plus grosses mines de charbon du monde
• Five Largest Surface Coal Mines in 2021 – GlobalData
• Les mines souterraines sont majoritaires en Chine.
• En Allemagne, Lützerath, dernier village avant la mine – Le Monde
• Global coal mine tracker
• Évolution de mines dans les Appalaches (US) – NASA
• Exploitation minière : les terrils, dangers oubliés et patrimoine retrouvé
• En Chine, un grave accident minier sur fond d’augmentation de la production de charbon – Le Monde
• What Is Coal Preparation?
• Coal mining & Coal preparation – Britannica
• Concernant les impacts environnementaux des mines et leurs évaluations : Guidebook for Evaluating Mining Project EIAs

Sortir du charbon pour réduire l’extraction

• Visualizing the Scale of Global Fossil Fuel Production
• Quantités de ressources fossiles extraites par an
• Watari, T., Nansai, K., Nakajima, K., & Giurco, D. (2021). Sustainable energy transitions require enhanced resource governance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 312, 127698.
• Watari, T., McLellan, B. C., Giurco, D., Dominish, E., Yamasue, E., & Nansai, K. (2019). Total material requirement for the global energy transition to 2050: A focus on transport and electricity. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 148, 91-103.
• Tang, L., & Werner, T. T. (2023). Global mining footprint mapped from high-resolution satellite imagery. Communications Earth & Environment, 4(1), 134.
• Nijnens, J., Behrens, P., Kraan, O., Sprecher, B., & Kleijn, R. (2023). Energy transition will require substantially less mining than the current fossil system. Joule, 7(11), 2408-2413.
• Maus, V., Giljum, S., Gutschlhofer, J. et al. A global-scale data set of mining areas. Sci Data 7, 289 (2020).
• Number of active mines by sector and year, 1983 – 2022 – CDC (seulement pour les US : 991 mines de charbon, 280 mines de métaux, 859 de non métaux (et une majorité de carrières)).

Transport

• Oberschelp et al., (2019). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0221-6
• REVIEW OF MARITIME TRANSPORT 2022, CNUCED tableau 1.1 1.7 et 1.9
• Pour se faire une idée du transport de pétrole Greene, S., Jia, H., & Rubio-Domingo, G. (2020). Well-to-tank carbon emissions from crude oil maritime transportation. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 88, 102587.
• https://www.energy.gov/policy/articles/coal-rail-business-usual-reference-case
• Même au niveau mondial ça doit pas être loin de 28% vu que le pétrole et le gaz sont peu transportés par rail :
• Commentary: Is the death of rail-hauled coal true, or premature?
• J’ai trouvé des données plus récentes sur la Chine avec quelques quantifications sur le transport. On y voit que le charbon passant par voie maritime fait en moyenne 2 261 km.
• Khan Ankur, A., Kraus, S., Grube, T., Castro, R., & Stolten, D. (2022). A Versatile Model for Estimating the Fuel Consumption of a Wide Range of Transport Modes. Energies, 15(6), 2232.

Pollution de l’air

• Were Impressionist Masters Painting a Polluted Reality? – Eos
• Coal power air pollution in Europe – Ember
• Lelieveld, J., Haines, A., Burnett, R., Tonne, C., Klingmüller, K., Münzel, T., & Pozzer, A. (2023). Air pollution deaths attributable to fossil fuels: observational and modelling study. bmj, 383.
• Ma, X., Zhang, T., Ji, C., Zhai, Y., Shen, X., & Hong, J. (2021). Threats to human health and ecosystem: Looking for air-pollution related damage since 1990. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 145, 111146.
• Le XIXᵉ siècle, premier moment de l’ère des pollutions – The Conversation
• 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution – OMS
• Coal and the environment – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
• Causes, effects and prevention of Spontaneous combustion of Coal
• Stockage et problèmes de conservation du charbonCoal fires – Global Energy Monitor

Cendres

• Concernant la France : Les cendres de charbon et les phosphogypses
• Vulgarisation en français des impacts environnementaux du charbon et de ses cendres
• Le visuel d’Earthjustice que j’ai traduit sur les conséquences néfastes pour la santé humaine de l’inhalation et de l’ingestion de substances toxiques provenant des cendres de charbon.
  Mapping the Coal Ash Contamination – Earthjustice
• Frequent Questions about the 2015 Coal Ash Disposal Rule – US EPA
• Final Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for the Steam Electric Power Generating Industry – US EPA
• Steam Electric Power Generating Effluent Guidelines – US EPA
• Coal Ash in India – A compendium of Disasters, Environmental and Health Risks
• Jin, S., Zhao, Z., Jiang, S., Sun, J., Pan, H., & Jiang, L. (2021). Comparison and summary of relevant standards for comprehensive utilization of fly ash at home and abroad. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 621, No. 1, p. 012006). IOP Publishing.
• Human and Ecological Risk Assessment of Coal Combustion Wastes
• Kravchenko, J., & Lyerly, H. K. (2018). The impact of coal-powered electrical plants and coal ash impoundments on the health of residential communities. North Carolina Medical Journal, 79(5), 289-300.
• Zierold, Kristina M. and Odoh, Chisom. « A review on fly ash from coal-fired power plants: chemical composition, regulations, and health evidence » Reviews on Environmental Health, vol. 35, no. 4, 2020, pp. 401-418.
• Coal Ash Wastescapes: The Byproduct of Our Coal-Fired Power Dependency – Scenario Journal
• Deonarine, A., Bartov, G., Johnson, T. M., Ruhl, L., Vengosh, A., & Hsu-Kim, H. (2013). Environmental impacts of the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston coal ash spill. 2. Effect of coal ash on methylmercury in historically contaminated river sediments. Environmental science & technology, 47(4), 2100-2108.
• Lemly, D. A. (2009). Aquatic hazard of selenium pollution from coal mining. Book Chapter In: In: Fosdyke, Gerald B. ed. Coal Mining: Research, Technology and Safety., 167-183.
• Lemly, A. D. (2002). Symptoms and implications of selenium toxicity in fish: the Belews Lake case example. Aquatic Toxicology, 57(1-2), 39-49.
• Skoko, B., Brkanac, S. R., Kuharić, Ž., Jukić, M., Štrok, M., Rovan, L., … & Prlić, I. (2023). Does exposure to weathered coal ash with an enhanced content of uranium-series radionuclides affect flora? Changes in the physiological indicators of five referent plant species. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 441, 129880.
• Raffoux, J. F., & Pentel, R. (2002, June). Gérer l’impact environnemental des exploitations de charbon: Une priorité récente, un problème durable. In International Conference on Technology for Coal Mining/Preparation and Utilisation Result of the ECSC Coal Research Programme (pp. 100-114).
• Is Coal Ash in Soil a Good Idea? – Scientific American
• Jin, S., Zhao, Z., Jiang, S., Sun, J., Pan, H., & Jiang, L. (2021). Comparison and summary of relevant standards for comprehensive utilization of fly ash at home and abroad. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 621, No. 1, p. 012006). IOP Publishing.
• Human and Ecological Risk Assessment of Coal Combustion Wastes
• Dangerous waters : America’s coal ash crisis – Sierra Club
• Can Coal Fly Ash Waste Be Put To Good Use? – Breaking Energy
• Cendres de charbon – Encyclopedie Energie
• Haibin, L., & Zhenling, L. (2010). Recycling utilization patterns of coal mining waste in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(12), 1331-1340.
• Abbas, S., Arshad, U., Abbass, W., Nehdi, M. L., & Ahmed, A. (2020). Recycling untreated coal bottom ash with added value for mitigating alkali–silica reaction in concrete: A sustainable approach. Sustainability, 12(24), 10631.
• Mohammed, S. A., Koting, S., Katman, H. Y. B., Babalghaith, A. M., Abdul Patah, M. F., Ibrahim, M. R., & Karim, M. R. (2021). A review of the utilization of coal bottom ash (CBA) in the construction industry. Sustainability, 13(14), 8031.
• Exemples de réhabilitation de sites américains

Déversement accidentel de cendres

• TVA Kingston Fossil Plant coal ash spill – Global Energy Monitor
• Lasting Impact of the Kingston Fossil Plant Coal Ash Spill – Napoli Shkolnik
• Coal Ash Is Hazardous. Coal Ash Is Waste. But According to the EPA, Coal Ash Is Not “Hazardous Waste.”
• Meyer, C. B., Schlekat, T. H., Walls, S. J., Iannuzzi, J., & Souza, M. J. (2015). Evaluating risks to wildlife from coal fly ash incorporating recent advances in metals and metalloids risk assessment. Integrated environmental assessment and management, 11(1), 67-79.
• Tenn. Coal Ash Spill Devastates Recovering River : NPR
• Coal other dark side – National Geographic
• A legacy of contamination : how the Kingston coal ash spill unearthed a nuclear nightmare – Grist
• Coal mining disasters – Global Energy Monitor

Radioactivité et cendres de charbon

• Coal Ash Is More Radioactive Than Nuclear Waste – Scientific American
• Public Health Effects of Radioactive Airborne Effluents from Nuclear and Coal-Fired Power Plant
• What Are the Physiological Effects of Uranium Exposure? – Environmental Medicine | ATSDRThorium – Cancer-Causing Substances – NCI
• Sun, Y., Qi, G., Lei, X., Xu, H., & Wang, Y. (2016). Extraction of uranium in bottom ash derived from high-germanium coals. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 31, 589-597.

Climat et méthane

• Global Carbon Budget 2023
• About Coal Mine Methane – US EPA
• A la COP28, la Chine n’entend pas se laisser dicter de calendrier ni d’objectifs précis sur la réduction des gaz à effet de serre – Le Monde
• Climate Change: Why We Should Care About Methane And How We Measure It From Space
• Climate-heating methane released from dozens of Australian fossil fuel sites, environmental group claims – The Guardian
• Driving Down Coal Mine Methane Emissions – IEA
• Global methane tracker 2023 – IEA
• Methane emissions remained stubbornly high in 2022 even as soaring energy prices made actions to reduce them cheaper than ever – News – IEA
• Coal Mine Methane – Ember
• Shen, L., Jacob, D. J., Gautam, R., Omara, M., Scarpelli, T. R., Lorente, A., … & Lin, J. (2023). National quantifications of methane emissions from fuel exploitation using high resolution inversions of satellite observations. Nature Communications, 14(1), 4948.
• Not Measured, Not Managed: Australia remains ignorant of its coal mine methane problem – Ember
• Q&A: What does China’s new methane plan mean for its climate goals? – Carbon Brief
• COP28 : des engagements mondiaux pour réduire les émissions de méthane – Euractiv FR

Eau et charbon

• Aren’t we in a drought? The Australian black coal industry uses enough water for over 5 million people – The Conversation.
• Water for coal – Australian Conservation Foundation.
• NSW and Queensland coal industry uses as much water as all Sydney households, report finds – The Guardian
• How it Works: Water for Coal

Réserves et ressources

• BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022
• McGlade, C., & Ekins, P. (2015). The geographical distribution of fossil fuels unused when limiting global warming to 2 C. Nature, 517(7533), 187-190.
• How much coal is left – U.S. Energy Information Administration
• U.S. Coal Resources and Reserves Assessment – U.S. Geological Survey

Synthèse des impacts environnementaux

• Carbon Neutrality in the UNECE Region:Integrated Life-cycle Assessment of Electricity Sources, UNECE (2022) (dont corrigé pour l’occupation des sols).
• Luderer, G., Pehl, M., Arvesen, A., Gibon, T., Bodirsky, B. L., De Boer, H. S., … & Hertwich, E. G. (2019). Environmental co-benefits and adverse side-effects of alternative power sector decarbonization strategies. Nature communications, 10(1), 5229.

Our World In Data

• Coal consumption by region
• Coal consumption by country
• Electricity mix
• Land Use
• Death rates per unit of electricity production

Wikipédia

• Houillification
• Charbon
• Jais
• Coal analysis
• Coal
• Lignite
• Anthracite
• Coke (Charbon)
• Bucket-wheel excavator
• Mine de Garzweiler
• Mountaintop removal mining
• Catastrophe d’Aberfan
• Coal preparation plant
• Grand smog de Londres
• Health effects of coal ash
• Coal combustion products
• Coal mining
• Health and environmental impact of the coal industry
• Gazéification du charbon
• Spontaneous combustion
• Coal-seam fire
• Centralia (Pennsylvanie)
• Acid mine drainage
• Ash pond
• Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill